With the progress of aging, the number of patients with preoperative cardiovascular disease is gradually increasing, especially some patients with coronary heart disease and previous implantation of coronary stents. Thoracic surgery is one of the high-risk specialized operations. How to correctly evaluate and prepare for this kind of patients.
Although the guidelines recommend postponing noncardiac surgery after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), 3.5% or more patients underwent noncardiac surgery within 6 months after stent implantation.
It is noteworthy that patients who underwent surgery within one year after percutaneous coronary intervention had a significantly increased risk of perioperative adverse events compared with patients without coronary stents (respectively 8.9% and 1.5%; adjusted or was 2.6 [95% confidence interval: 1.4 ~ 4.9]; P < 0.001).
The risk of ischemic events is inversely proportional to the time between stent implantation and non cardiac surgery, and is directly related to the early discontinuation of dual antiplatelet therapy. In some cases, patients may have stent thrombosis and myocardial infarction during perioperative period.
Whether patients undergoing coronary stent implantation should postpone surgery should comprehensively weigh the relationship between "risk associated with delayed surgery" and "thrombotic risk caused by stopping dual antiplatelet therapy".
A large sample study of American veterans included 28029 patients who underwent 41989 operations. The results showed that the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events or death (MACE) was 11.6%; The incidence of MACE was 6.4% between 6weeks and 6 months after PCI; The incidence of MACE was 4.2% from 6 months to 1 year after PCI, while the incidence of MACE was 3.5% one year after PCI.
Non-cardiac surgery should be postponed as far as possible within 2 weeks after coronary balloon dilatation, 30 days after bare metal stent implantation, or 12 months after drug-eluting stent implantation. Although some studies believe that it may be safe to perform surgery within 3 to 6 months or more after drug-eluting coronary stent implantation, the current guidelines do not recommend it.
For patients with drug-eluting stents implanted for 6 months or more, surgeons and anesthesiologists must determine whether the risk of further delayed surgery will be greater than the expected risk of myocardial infarction and stent thrombosis while considering the variable "time".
After coronary stent implantation of cardiovascular products, the American Heart Association (AHA) and the American College of Cardiology (ACC) all recommend continued use of aspirin for antiplatelet therapy, while European guidelines prefer to make individualized decisions based on the risk of bleeding and thrombosis.
Post hoc analysis from a large sample study (POISE-2) showed that perioperative use of aspirin in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery after coronary stent implantation was associated with a reduction in 30 day mortality or nonfatal myocardial infarction (6.0% in the aspirin group vs 11.5% in the non-aspirin group; hazard ratio 0.50 [95% confidence interval: 0.26 ~ 0.95]).
For patients with coronary stent implantation, the perioperative risk factors were evaluated as follows:
Timing of coronary stent implantation and other factors
Time from PCI to non cardiac surgery | <3 months | 3-6 months | 6-12 months | >12 months |
Types of coronary stents | drug eluting stent | bare metal support | ||
Coronary lesions and stent length | relatively long | relatively short | ||
Original evidence of PCI | acute coronary syndrome | stable coronary syndrome |
Patient age and complications
Age | older (≥ 60 years old) | younger (< 60 years old) |
Heart failure | yes | no |
Renal function GFR | <30mL/min | ≥30mL/min |
Hemoglobin level | <10g/dL | ≥10g/dL |
Surgical factors
Cardiovascular risk factors caused by surgery | High risk surgery | Low risk surgery | |
Risk of surgery related bleeding | high | low | |
Urgency of operation | Emergency operation | Elective surgery | |
Color classification (hazard level) | High risk | Medium risk | Low risk |
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